1060s
| Millennium |
|---|
| 2nd millennium |
| Centuries |
| Decades |
| Years |
| Categories |
The 1060s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1060, and ended on December 31, 1069.
Events
1060
By place
[edit]Europe
[edit]- August 4 – King Henry I of France (of the House of Capet) dies after a 29-year reign in Vitry-aux-Loges. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old son Philip I ("the Amorous") as king of France. Philip is too young to rule, and his mother, Queen Anne of Kiev becomes regent. France is administered by Count Baldwin V (one of Philip's uncles) who acts as co-regent.[1][2][3]
- Summer – Norman forces under Duke Robert Guiscard invade Apulia, and capture the cities of Taranto and Brindisi (under control of the Byzantine Empire). Guiscard prepares a Sicilian expedition against the Saracens and returns to Calabria (Southern Italy), where his brother Roger Bosso waits with siege engines.[4][5][6]
- December 6 – Béla I ("the Champion") is crowned king of Hungary after his nephew, Solomon is deprived of the crown. He is supported by Duke Bolesław II the Generous – who helps him (with Polish troops) to obtain the Hungarian throne.[7][8][9]
China
[edit]- The compilation of the New Book of Tang is completed, under a team of scholars led by Ouyang Xiu.[10][11][12]
Middle East
[edit]- August 30 — The Mirdasids under Mahmud ibn Nasr defeat the Fatimid Caliphate's army under Nasir al-Dawla Ibn Hamdan at the Battle of al-Funaydiq, leading to the definitive loss of Aleppo for the Fatimids.[13]
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]1061
By place
[edit]Europe
[edit]- Spring – Robert de Grandmesnil, his nephew Berengar, half-sister Judith (future wife of Roger I), and eleven monks of the Abbey of Saint-Evroul, are banished by Duke William II ("the Bastard") of Normandy for violence, and travel to Southern Italy.[17]
- Summer – Norman forces led by Duke Robert Guiscard and his brother Roger I invade Sicily. They land unseen during the night and surprise the Saracen army. Guiscard conquers Messina and marches into central Sicily.
- June 28 – Count Floris I is ambushed on a retreat from Zaltbommel and killed by German troops at Nederhemert. Most of West Frisia (later part of the County of Holland) is conquered and annexed by the Holy Roman Empire.
- Sosols (a tribe in Estonia) destroy the Kievan Rus' fortification of Yuryev in Tartu, and carry out a raid on Pskov.[18]
Africa
[edit]- Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin succeeds to the throne of Morocco, following the Almoravid conquest.
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- July 27 – Pope Nicholas II dies after a 2-year pontificate at Florence. He is succeeded by Alexander II as the 156th pope of the Catholic Church in Rome.
- The Speyer Cathedral is consecrated in Speyer (modern Germany).
1062
By place
[edit]Europe
[edit]- Spring – Coup of Kaiserswerth: The 11-year-old King Henry IV is abducted, as a result of a conspiracy of German nobles led by Anno II, archbishop of Cologne. Henry's education and training is supervised by Anno, who acts as his regent and is called his magister (his "master" or "teacher"). Empress Agnes of Poitou (Henry's mother) resigns the throne, and Anno with the archbishops Siegfried I and Adalbert of Hamburg takes her place.[19]
Britain
[edit]- Winter – Harold Godwinson leads a successful campaign against King Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. He attacks and captures Rhuddlan Castle in northern Wales, but Gruffydd manages to escape.
Africa
[edit]- The Almoravids overrun modern-day Morocco, and establish an intercontinental kingdom, stretching from Spain to Senegal.
- The Banu Khurasan, a vassal of the Hammdid Dynasty, begin to rule the north of Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia).[20]
- Marrakech is founded by the Almoravids which becomes their capital.
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- Affligem Abbey, of the Order of St. Benedict, is founded in Affligem (modern Belgium).[21]
1063
By place
[edit]Europe
[edit]- May 8 – Battle of Graus: Allied Muslim and Christian troops, under King Sancho II (the Strong) and Emir Ahmad al-Muqtadir (maybe led by El Cid), defeat the Aragonese army. King Ramiro I is killed and succeeded by his son Sancho V, as ruler of Aragon.[22]
- Battle of Cerami: Duke Roger I leads a small Norman force (supported by 136 mounted knights), and defeats a much larger Saracen army (35,000 men) at Cerami (near Troina) in Sicily.[23]
- Summer – The Pisan fleet assaults and sacks Palermo (controlled by the Saracens) – this in support of the Norman forces of Roger I.[24]
- August–September: The Holy Roman Empire invades Hungary and installs Solomon as their proxy ruler.[25]
- Duke William I (the Bastard) claims the province of Maine and betroths his son Robert to Margaret, daughter of late Count Herbert II.
Seljuk Empire
[edit]- Battle of Damghan: Seljuk forces under Alp Arslan defeat his brother Qutalmish who claims the throne of late Tughril, founder of the Seljuk Empire. Qutalmish flees from the battle, but his son Suleiman is taken prisoner.[26]
By topic
[edit]Architecture
[edit]- The Pizhi Pagoda located at Lingyan Temple (Shandong province) in China is completed, standing at a height of 54 m (177 ft) tall.
- Doge Domenico I orders the construction of the present building of St Mark's Basilica at Venice (approximate date).
Religion
[edit]- Anselm, later to become archbishop of Canterbury, becomes prior at the Abbey of Bec (approximate date).
- The bishopric of Olomouc (located on the River Morava) is founded (modern Czech Republic).
1064
By place
[edit]Europe
[edit]- Summer – King Ferdinand I (the Great) conquers more territory in modern-day Portugal and captures Coimbra. He appoints Sisnando Davides to reorganise the economy and administer the lands encircling the city.
- European warriors go to Spain, to participate in the siege of Barbastro. This expedition is sanctioned by Pope Alexander II – and is now regarded as an early form of Crusade.[27]
- Harold Godwinson, Earl of Wessex, is shipwrecked on the shores of Ponthieu (Normandy). He is captured by Count Guy I who takes him as hostage to his castle of Beaurian.
- Duke William I (the Bastard) demands the release of Harold Godwinson from Guy I (after a ransom being paid). Harold must swear an oath to aid William to the throne of England.
- Kings Harald Hardrada of Norway and Sweyn II of Denmark agree to a peace agreement. Harald turns his attentions to England where he believes he has a right to the throne.
Seljuk Empire
[edit]- April 27 – Alp Arslan succeeds to the throne, as sultan of the Seljuk Empire. He becomes sole ruler of Persia from the river Oxus to the Tigris.
- The Seljuk Turks under Alp Arslan invade Anatolia, and capture Ani after a siege of 25-days. He sacks the city and slaughters its citizens.[28]
- Badr al-Jamali, Fatimid governor of Syria, tries to engineer a pro-Fatimid coup in Aleppo; but the rebellion is suppressed by Musa Yabgu.[29]
Asia
[edit]- King Bagrat IV of Georgia captures the fortress city of Samshvilde, the capital of the neighboring Tashir-Dzoraget.
Mesoamerica
[edit]By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- Winter – Great German Pilgrimage: Archbishop Siegfried I of Mainz leads a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Either during this pilgrimage or shortly before it, the Ezzolied; a High German poem on the life of Christ, is composed.
- Michaelsberg Abbey at Siegburg (modern Germany) is founded by Anno II, archbishop of Cologne.
- Construction of the Piazza dei Miracoli (known as Piazza del Duomo) at Pisa in Tuscany begins.
Volcanology
[edit]- Sunset Crater Volcano (modern-day Arizona) first erupts (approximate date)
1065
By place
[edit]Europe
[edit]- December 24 – King Ferdinand I of León ("the Great") dies in León, Spain, after an 11-year reign as Emperor of All Spain. His kingdom is divided among his three sons: the eldest Sancho II, the second Alfonso VI and the youngest García II. The kingdoms of Galicia and Portugal become independent under the rule of García.
Garcia II's domains (Galicia)
Badajoz, owing tribute to Garcia
Seville, owing tribute to Garcia
Alfonso VI's domains (León)
Toledo, owing tribute to Alfonso
Sancho II's domains (Castile)
Zaragoza, owing tribute to Sancho
England
[edit]- October 3 – Northumbria revolts against Tostig Godwinson, who is exiled. He takes refuge with his brother-in-law, Count Baldwin V in Flanders (modern Belgium). The Northumbrian nobles choose Morcar (or Morkere) as earl at York.
- December 28 – Westminster Abbey is consecrated by King Edward the Confessor.[31]
Seljuk Empire
[edit]- Alp Arslan, leader of the Seljuk Turks, campaigns against the Kipchaks and the Türkmen in Central Asia. He captures the city of Kars and plunders the western provinces of Georgia.
China
[edit]- Sima Guang, chancellor of the Song dynasty, heads a team of scholars in initiating the compilation of an enormous written universal history of China, known as the Zizhi Tongjian.
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- Great German Pilgrimage of 1064–65: A large pilgrimage led by Siegfried I (archbishop of Mainz) arrives in Jerusalem after having been attacked by Bedouin bandits. Two weeks later (in April) they return to Ramla and take ships back to Latakia.
- Gregory II the Martyrophile is consecrated as catholicos of the Armenian church in Tzamandos
Astronomy
[edit]- A "guest star" (i.e. a nova of some kind) is observed from China. It may be related to the Strottner-Drechsler Object 20 nebula.[32]
1066
Worldwide
[edit]- March 20 – Halley's Comet reaches perihelion. Its appearance is subsequently recorded in the Bayeux Tapestry.
Asia
[edit]- unknown dates
- Chinese imperial official Sima Guang presents the emperor with an eight-volume Tongzhi (通志; "Comprehensive Records"), chronicling Chinese history from 403 BCE to the end of the Qin dynasty in 207 BCE. The emperor then issues an edict for the compilation of Guang's universal history of China, allocating funds for the costs of compilation and research assistants such as Liu Ban, Liu Shu and Fan Zuyu.[33]
- The Abu Hanifa Mosque is established in Baghdad, when the Grand Vizier of the Seljuk Empire, Abu Saad al-Khwarizmi or al-Mustawfi, builds a shrine for Abu Hanifa near his tomb.[34]
Europe
[edit]- June–November – Obodrite revolt[35]
- September 12 – William, Duke of Normandy, assembles a fleet (around 700 warships) at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, in readiness for an invasion of England.
- December 30 – Granada massacre: A Muslim mob storms the royal palace in Granada, crucifies the Jewish vizier Yusuf ibn Naghrela, and massacres most of the Jewish population.[36]
- Huy becomes the first town in the Low Countries to be granted city rights, by Theodwin of Liège.[37]
- Hedeby (located on the Jutland Peninsula) is sacked and burned by the West Slavs, after which it is slowly abandoned.[38]
- The Republic of Genoa, jealous of the recent successes of its former allies, launches a naval assault on the Republic of Pisa.[39]
- King Stenkil (or Steinkell) dies after a 6-year reign. Two rivals named Eric battle for power in Sweden, both claiming the throne.
- Magnus II (Haraldsson), a son of Harald Hardrada, is crowned king of Norway. He unites Western Norway and Northern Norway.
- Fulk IV, Count of Anjou, known as "the Quarreller", is at war with his brother Geoffrey III, contesting the lands of Anjou and Touraine left to them by their uncle Geoffrey II, Count of Anjou (Martel).
- City of Šibenik first mentioned under its present name in a Charter of the Croatian King Petar Krešimir IV
England and Scotland
[edit]- January – Harold Godwinson marries Ealdgyth, daughter of Ælfgar (earl of Mercia), and widow of King Gruffydd ap Llywelyn.
- January 5 – Edward the Confessor dies after a 24-year reign at London. The Witenagemot (or Witan) proclaims Harold Godwinson king of England.
- January 6 – Harold Godwinson (Harold II) is crowned king of England, probably in the new Westminster Abbey, where Edward the Confessor's funeral took place not long before the coronation.[40]
- September 18 – Harald Hardrada of Norway lands on the beaches of Scarborough, North Yorkshire and begins his invasion of England.
- September 20 – Battle of Fulford: Norwegian forces under Harald Hardrada defeat the English earls Edwin and Morcar.
- September 25 – Battle of Stamford Bridge: Harold II defeats the forces of Harald Hardrada and his own brother Tostig Godwinson.
- September 27 – William, Duke of Normandy and his army set sail from the mouth of the River Somme, beginning the Norman conquest of England. The following day he lands on the English coast at Pevensey, splits his forces, and sails with the main army to Hastings.[41]
- October 6 – Harold II marches south from Stamford Bridge (near York) to counter the threat of the invasion by William. Reaching London within five days, he leaves a short time later. After a two-day march he and his army reach Caldbec Hill.
- October 14 – Battle of Hastings: William and Harold II meet in battle at Hastings. Although Harold has the superior position on the battlefield, he is defeated and killed by William, invading England.
- October 15 – Edgar Ætheling is proclaimed king of England (but is never crowned). He is soon forced to submit to the rule of William the Conqueror.
- December – William the Conqueror moves along the south coast to Dover, and builds fortifications in the existing castle at the top of the cliffs. He moves to Canterbury and finally enters London. Archbishop Stigand and other English leaders submit to William's rule. On December 25, he is crowned as King William I of England in Westminster Abbey over Edward the Confessor's grave.
- unknown date – Tain becomes the first town in Scotland to be chartered as a royal burgh by King Malcolm III (Canmore).[42]
1067
By place
[edit]Byzantine Empire
[edit]- May 22 – Emperor Constantine X dies after a 7-year reign at Constantinople. His wife, Empress Eudocia Macrembolitissa, is crowned Augusta and becomes co-regent for her two sons (Michael VII and Konstantios) along with Constantine's brother John Doukas, who rules as Caesar of the Byzantine Empire.[43]
Seljuk Empire
[edit]- Spring – The Seljuk Turks make incursions into Mesopotamia, Cilicia and Cappadocia. They sack the Byzantine city of Caesarea, move south through the Cilician Gates and raid the region around Antioch in Syria.[44]
Europe
[edit]- March 3 – Battle on the Nemiga River: The three sons of Grand Prince Yaroslav I (the Wise) – Iziaslav I, Sviatoslav II, and Vsevolod I – defeat the forces under Vseslav of Polotsk.
- Eric and Eric, two pretenders to the Swedish throne, are both killed during the struggle for power in Sweden. Halsten, son of the late King Stenkil, becomes the new ruler.
- Olaf III returns to Norway with the remaining troops from the Battle of Stamford Bridge. He is proclaimed king and co-ruler with his older brother Magnus II (Haraldsson).
- Wartburg Castle (near Eisenach) is founded by Louis the Springer, count of Thuringia (modern Germany).
- Minsk and Orsha are first mentioned in the chronicles, making them two of the oldest cities in Belarus.
England
[edit]- Spring – King William I (the Conqueror) returns to Normandy and takes with him Edgar Ætheling (grandson of Edmund Ironside), Archbishop Stigand, and the brothers Morcar and Edwin.
- Odo of Bayeux, a half-brother of William I, is appointed Earl of Kent and becomes William's deputy (or de facto regent) in England. His wealth and land become considerable.
- Eustace II, count of Boulogne, supports the Kentishmen in an attempt to seize Dover Castle. The conspiracy fails, and Eustace is sentenced to forfeit his English fiefs.
- Winter – William I marches on Exeter, which he besieges. The city holds out for 18 days, and after its fall William builds Rougemont Castle there to secure the region.
- Winchester Castle in Hampshire is founded by William I; it is later one of the seats of government of the Norman kings ruling England.[45]
China
[edit]- January 25 – Emperor Yingzong (or Zhao Shu) of the Song dynasty dies after a 4-year reign. He is succeeded by his 18-year-old son Shen Zong as emperor of China.
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- December 6 – A fire, the second in as many years, heavily damages Canterbury Cathedral in England.[46]
1068
By place
[edit]Byzantine Empire
[edit]- January 1 – Empress Eudokia Makrembolitissa, wife of the late Emperor Constantine X, marries General Romanos Diogenes (a member of a prominent Cappadocian family) – who is proclaimed co-emperor as Romanos IV of the Byzantine Empire.[47]
- Autumn – Romanos IV begins a campaign against the Seljuk Turks, leading a Byzantine expeditionary force (which is in poor condition). He is successful in recapturing the fortress city of Hieropolis (modern-day Manbij) near Aleppo in northern Syria.[48]
- Winter – Romanos IV leaves a portion of his army as a rearguard at Melitene. The Byzantine garrison fails to check a Seljuk raid that manages to sack Amorium (penetrating deep in Byzantine territory). Romanos winters near Aleppo before returning to Constantinople.[49]
Europe
[edit]- Norman conquest of southern Italy: Norman forces under Robert Guiscard (duke of Apulia and Calabria) lay siege to the Byzantine city of Bari.
- Battle of the Alta River: The Cumans defeat the Kievan Rus' forces of Grand Prince Iziaslav I, and his brothers Sviatoslav II and Vsevolod I.
- Kiev Uprising: The city of Kiev rebels against Iziaslav I, in the aftermath of the Kievan Rus' defeat against the Cumans.
- Rethra destruction: In Annals of Augsburg the slavic city is mentioned for the last time under the year 1068. It was captured by bishop Burchard, who destroyed their temple and abducted the sacred white horse living there.[50]
England
[edit]- Siege of Exeter: Norman forces under King William I (the Conqueror) take the city of Exeter after a siege of 18-days.
- William I begins a campaign in the East Midlands to put down the rebellions at Nottingham, Stafford, Lincoln and York.
- Edgar the Ætheling takes refuge with King Malcolm III of Scotland along with Edgar's sister Margaret, who marries King Malcolm.
- May 11 – William I brings his wife Matilda of Flanders to England. She is crowned queen in Westminster Abbey.
Africa
[edit]- September – Zaynab an-Nafzawiyyah marries Abu Bakr ibn Umar, leader of the Almoravids, and becomes his queen and co-regent.
Asia
[edit]- Spring – Emperor Yi Zong of the Western Xia (or Xi Xia) dies after a 19-year reign. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old son Hui Zong, who assumes the throne (until 1086).
- May 22 – Emperor Go-Reizei dies after a 23-year reign, leaving no direct heirs to the throne. He is succeeded by his brother Go-Sanjō as the 71st emperor of Japan.
By topic
[edit]Geology
[edit]- March 18 – An earthquake affects the Near East, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The shock has a magnitude greater than 7, and leaves about 20,000 people dead.
1069
By place
[edit]Byzantine Empire
[edit]- Spring – Emperor Romanos IV begins a campaign against the Seljuk Turks, and marches towards the Euphrates via Melitene. He crosses the river at Romanopolis (modern Turkey), and captures the strategic fortress city of Chliat on the north-western shore of Lake Van. Romanos leaves a Byzantine rear guard on the upper Euphrates under General Philaretos Brachamios with orders to defend the Mesopotamian frontier.[51]
- Seljuk forces under Alp Arslan defeat the Byzantine rear guard and advance deep into Cappadocia and Lycaonia. They plunder at will, but fail to capture the city of Iconium. Romanos retreats and returns to Constantinople. Alp Arslan takes advantage of Romanos' retreat and captures Manzikert. He recaptures the strategical fortress cities of Chliat and Van, consolidating his control over the Lake Van region.[52]
Europe
[edit]- Spring – Romanos IV sends a Byzantine fleet (supported with an army) to relieve the siege of Bari. The Normans under Robert Guiscard defeat the Byzantines, and occupy the cities of Gravina and Obbiano in Apulia.
- February 28 – King Abbad II al-Mu'tadid dies after a 27-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad, who becomes the ruler of the Taifa of Seville in Al-Andalus (until 1091).
England
[edit]- January 28 – Northumbrians kill the new Norman earl of Northumbria, Robert de Comines, at Durham, and attack York.[53]
- King Sweyn II of Denmark lands a fleet in the Humber in support of the Northumbrian rebels and they join him to burn York, attacking its two castles and destroying the old Minster.[53]
- At Stafford, William the Conqueror swiftly defeats a rebellion led by Edwin, Earl of Mercia.[53]
- Winter of 1069–1070 – Harrying of the North: King William the Conqueror quells rebellions made by his English subjects against his rule, campaigning through the north of England with his forces, burning houses, crops, cattle and land from York to Durham, resulting in the deaths of over 100,000 people, mainly from starvation and winter cold.[54]
Asia
[edit]- Emperor Shenzong of Song China appoints Wang Anshi as his chief chancellor. He implements the New Policies, which include financial and trade reforms, defense and order, institution of the baojia system, etc.
- Nam tiến, the southward expansion of the territory of Đại Việt (modern Vietnam), begins when a Lý dynasty army attacks Champa, capturing King Rudravarman III.[55]
Significant people
[edit]- William the Conqueror
- Harold Godwinson
- Harald Hardrada
- Edward the Confessor
- Edgar the Ætheling
- Tostig Godwinson
- Al-Qa'im
- Tughril
- Alp Arslan
Births
1060
- February 9 – Honorius II, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1130)[56]
- September 18 – Godfrey of Bouillon, French nobleman (d. 1100)[57][58][59]
- September 22 – Vitalis of Savigny, Catholic saint and itinerant preacher (d. 1122)[60]
- Ava (or Ava of Göttweig), German poet (approximate date)[61][62]
- Aibert (or Aybert), French monk and hermit (d. 1140)[63][64]
- Bernard degli Uberti, bishop of Parma (approximate date)[65][66]
- Berthold I, German nobleman (approximate date)[67]
- Berthold of Garsten, German priest and abbot (d. 1142)[68]
- Brahmadeva, Indian mathematician (d. 1130)[69][70]
- Clementia of Aquitaine, French noblewoman (d. 1142)[71]
- Diarmait Ua Briain, king of Munster (d. 1118)[citation needed]
- Duncan II, king of Scotland (approximate date)[72]
- Constantius Ducas, Byzantine emperor (d. 1081)[73]
- Diemoth (or Diemudis), German nun and writer (d. 1130)[74][75]
- Egbert II, German nobleman (approximate date)[citation needed]
- Erard I, French nobleman (approximate date)[76]
- Eric I (the Good), king of Denmark (approximate date)[citation needed]
- Felicia of Roucy, queen of Aragon and Navarre (d. 1123)[citation needed]
- Fujiwara no Mototoshi, Japanese nobleman (d. 1142)[77][78][79]
- Gaucherius, French priest and hermit (d. 1140)[80][81][82]
- Godfrey I, count of Louvain (approximate date)[83][84][85]
- Goswin I, count of Heinsberg (approximate date)[86]
- Gregory of Catino, Italian monk and historian[87][88][89]
- Hamelin de Ballon, Norman nobleman (approximate date)[90][91]
- Herman II, margrave of Baden (approximate date)[92]
- Hui Zong, Chinese emperor (Western Xia) (d. 1086)[93]
- Mafalda of Pulla-Calabria, Norman noblewoman (d. 1108)[94][95][96]
- Odo of Tournai, bishop of Cambrai (d. 1113)[97][98][99]
- Odo I (the Red), duke of Burgundy (d. 1102)[100]
- Olegarius, archbishop of Tarragona (d. 1137)[101][102]
- Ranulf Flambard, bishop of Durham (d. 1128)[103][104][105]
- Richard of Salerno, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Roger Borsa, Norman nobleman (or 1061)[106][107][108]
- Stephen Harding, English abbot (approximate date)
- Tokushi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1114)[109][110][111]
- Walo II (or Galon II), French nobleman (d. 1098)[112][citation needed]
1061
- Al-Maziri, Zirid imam, jurist and scholar (d. 1141)
- Al-Tughrai, Persian poet and alchemist (d. 1121)
- Roger Borsa, duke of Apulia and Calabria (or 1060)
- Wuyashu, chieftain of the Wanyan tribe (d. 1113)
1062
- Bjørn Svendsen, Danish nobleman (approximate date)
- Fujiwara no Moromichi, Japanese nobleman (d. 1099)
- Nicephorus Bryennius, Byzantine statesman (d. 1137)
- Nicephorus Komnenos, Byzantine aristocrat
1063
- Eight Deer Jaguar Claw (or 8 Deer), Mixtec ruler (d. 1115)
- Yuanwu Keqin, Chinese Chan Buddhist monk (d. 1135)
1064
- Adela of Flanders, queen of Denmark (approximate date)
- Beatrice I, countess of Bigorre (approximate date)
- Bořivoj II (or Borivoi), duke of Bohemia (approximate date)
- Danxia Zichun, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1117)
- Hugh of Flavigny, French abbot (approximate date)
- Robert Fitz Richard, English nobleman (d. 1136)
1065
- Agnes of Rheinfelden, duchess of Swabia (d. 1111)
- Callixtus II, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1124)
- Guarinus of Sitten, bishop of Sion (approximate date)
- Henry I (the Long), German nobleman (d. 1087)
- Hugh VII of Lusignan, count of La Marche (d. 1151)
- Humbert II (the Fat), count of Savoy (d. 1103)
- Li Jie, Chinese writer of the Song Dynasty (d. 1110)
- Niels (or Nicholas), king of Denmark (d. 1134)
- Richard de Montfort, French nobleman (d. 1092)
- Robert II, count of Flanders (approximate date)
- Sibylla of Burgundy, duchess of Burgundy (approximate date)
- Stephen I, count palatine of Burgundy (d. 1102)
- Vladislaus I, duke of Bohemia (approximate date)
- Walter Tirel (or William Rufus), English nobleman
1066
- February 22 – Lý Nhân Tông, Vietnamese emperor (d. 1128)
- Al-Afdal Shahanshah, vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate (d. 1121)
- Gilbert Fitz Richard, English nobleman (approximate date)
- Godfrey of Amiens, French abbot and bishop (d. 1115)
- Henry, count of Portugal (House of Burgundy) (d. 1112)
- Irene Doukaina (or Ducaena), Byzantine empress (d. 1138)
- Wang Cha-ji, Korean politician and general (d. 1122)
1067
- Abu Hafs Umar an-Nasafi, Persian scholar and historian (d. 1142)
- Adela of Normandy, countess of Blois (approximate date)
- Ari Thorgilsson, Icelandic chronicler and writer (d. 1148)
- John Taronites, Byzantine governor (approximate date)
1068
- August 1 – Taizu (Aguda), emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 1123)
- Abu al-Salt, Moorish astronomer and polymath (approximate date)
- Ermengarde of Anjou, duchess of Aquitaine and Brittany (d. 1146)
- Haakon Magnusson (Toresfostre), king of Norway (d. 1095)
- Henry I, king of England (approximate date) (d. 1135)
- Peter I, king of Aragon (approximate date)
- Robert de Ferrers, 1st Earl Derby (d. 1139)
1069
- Anseau of Garlande, French nobleman (d. 1118)
- Kamakura Gongorō Kagemasa, Japanese samurai
- Leo Diogenes, Byzantine co-emperor (d. 1087)
- Approximate date
- Mieszko Bolesławowic, Polish prince (d.1089)
- Diego Gelmírez, Galician archbishop
Deaths
1060
- January 18 – Duduc (or Dudoc), bishop of Wells[113][114][115]
- May 12 – Matilda, duchess of Swabia (d. 1048)[116][117]
- August 4 – Henry I, king of France (b. 1008)[118][119][120]
- October 2 – Everelmus, French hermit[121][122]
- October 8 – Hugh V, French nobleman[123][124][125]
- October 15 – Luka Zhidiata, bishop of Novgorod[126][127]
- November 14 – Geoffrey II, count of Anjou[128][129][130]
- December 2 – Gebhard III, bishop of Regensburg[131][132][133]
- December 22 – Cynesige, archbishop of York[134][135][136]
- Abbas ibn Shith, king (malik) of the Ghurid Dynasty[137]
- Abdallah ibn Al-Aftas, founder of the Aftasid Dynasty[138]
- Ahimaaz ben Paltiel, Italian-Jewish liturgical poet (b. 1017)[139][140][141]
- Andrew I (the Catholic), king of Hungary[142][143][144]
- Chaghri Beg, co-ruler of the Seljuk Empire (b. 989)[145][146][147]
- Dharma Pala, ruler of the Pala Dynasty (b. 1035)[148]
- Dominic Loricatus, Italian monk and hermit (b. 995)[149][150][151]
- Emund the Old, king of Sweden (approximate date)[152][153][154]
- Esico of Ballenstedt, German nobleman (approximate date)[155][156]
- Igor Yaroslavich, prince of Smolensk (b. 1036)[157]
- Isaac I (Komnenos), Byzantine emperor[158][159]
- Mei Yaochen, poet of the Song Dynasty (b. 1002)[160][161][162]
- Otto I (or Odon), count of Savoy (approximate date)[163][164][165]
- Pons II (or Pons William), count of Toulouse (b. 991)[166][167][168]
- William I, Norman nobleman (approximate date)[169][170]
1061
- January 28 – Spytihněv II, duke of Bohemia (b. 1031)
- May 5 – Humbert of Moyenmoutier, French cardinal
- June 28 – Floris I, count of Friesland (west of the Vlie)
- July 13 – Beatrice I, German abbess of Quedlinburg (b. 1037)
- July 27 – Nicholas II, pope of the Catholic Church
- Adelmann, bishop of Brescia (approximate date)
- Ali ibn Ridwan, Arab physician and astronomer (approximate date)
- Burgheard, English nobleman
- Burkhard I, Lord of Zollern (or Burchardus), German nobleman, killed
- Conrad III, Duke of Carinthia (or Konrad), German nobleman
- Gardizi, Persian geographer and historian
- Henry I, Count Palatine of Lotharingia (or Heinrich), German nobleman
- Rajaraja Narendra, Indian ruler (b. 1022)
- Rúaidhri Ua Flaithbheartaigh, Irish king of Iar Connacht, killed
- Song Qi (Zijing), Chinese statesman and historian (b. 998)
1062
- January 27 – Adelaide of Hungary, German duchess
- February 2 – Atenulf I, Lombard nobleman
- March 9 – Herbert II, French nobleman
- May 20 – Bao Zheng, Chinese politician (b. 999)
- October 22
- Abe no Sadato, Japanese nobleman
- Fujiwara no Tsunekiyo, Japanese nobleman
- Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun, Buyid emir of Fars
- Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, Zirid ruler of Ifriqiya (b. 1008)
- Al-Quda'i, Fatimid preacher and historian
- Emma of Provence, French noblewoman
- Geoffrey I, French nobleman (approximate date)
- Mu'izz al-Dawla Thimal, Mirdasid emir of Aleppo
- Nissim ben Jacob, Tunisian Jewish rabbi (b. 990)
- William IV, count of Weimar and Orlamünde
- Ibn al-Timnah, Emir of Syracuse
1063
- March 21 – Richeza of Lotharingia, queen of Poland
- April 30 – Ren Zong, emperor of the Song Dynasty (b. 1010)
- May 8 – Ramiro I, king of Aragon (House of Jiménez)
- August 5 – Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, king of Gwynedd
- August 9 – Constantine III, Byzantine patriarch
- September 3 – Henry II, archbishop of Augsburg
- September 4 – Tughril, sultan of the Seljuk Empire (b. 990)
- September 11 – Béla I (the Champion), king of Hungary
- December 7 – Qutalmish, prince of the Seljuk Empire
- Gotebald (or Gotebold), patriarch of Aquileia
- Hedwig (or Advisa), countess of Nevers
- Hilduin IV, count of Montdidier and Roucy
- Pang Ji, Chinese official and chancellor (b. 988)
- Sudislav Vladimirovich, prins of Pskov
- Sylvester III, pope of the Catholic Church
1064
- August 15 – Ibn Hazm, Andalusian historian and poet (b. 994)
- November 29 – Al-Kunduri, vizier of the Seljuk Empire (b. 1024)
- December 19 – Fujiwara no Nagaie, Japanese nobleman (b. 1005)
- Akkadevi, princess of the Chalukya dynasty (b. 1010)
- Dromtön, Tibetan monk and founder of Reting Monastery
- Dub dá Leithe (or Dubhdalethe), Irish abbot
- Gozelo I (or Gozelon), count of Montaigu
- Llywelyn Aurdorchog, Welsh nobleman (approximate date)
- Yaakov ben Yakar, German Jewish rabbi (b. 990)
- Yi Yuanji, Chinese painter (approximate date)
1065
- February 7 – Siegfried I, count of Sponheim
- May 17 – Egilbert (or Engelbert), bishop of Passau
- May 18 – Frederick, duke of Lower Lorraine
- June 27 – George the Hagiorite, Georgian calligrapher (b. 1009)
- July 22 – Ibn Abi Hasina, Arab poet and panegyrist (b. 998)
- July 23 – Gunther of Bamberg, German nobleman
- December 24 – Ferdinand I (the Great), king of León and Castile
- Diarmaid mac Tadgh Ua Ceallaigh, king of Uí Maine
- Ermengol III (or Armengol), count of Urgell (b. 1032)
- Gisela (or Gizella), queen consort of Hungary (b. 985)
- Gomes Echigues, Portuguese knight and governor (b. 1010)
- Gusiluo, Tibetan religious leader of Buddhism (b. 997)
- Llywelyn Aurdorchog, Welsh nobleman (approximate date)
- Thorfinn (the Mighty), Norse nobleman (approximate date)
1066
- January 5 – Edward the Confessor, king of England[171]
- February 3 – Rostislav of Tmutarakan, Kievan Rus' prince (b. 1038)
- February 12 – Everard I of Breteuil, French nobleman
- March 26 – Ibn Sidah, Moorish linguist and lexicographer (b. 1007)
- April 9 – Al-Bayhaqi, Persian Sunni hadith scholar (b. 994)
- May 21 – Su Xun, Chinese scholar and writer (b. 1009)
- June 6 – Gottschalk (or Godescalc), Obotrite prince
- June 27 – Arialdo, Italian nobleman and deacon
- August 15 – Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la, Arab Hanbali scholar (b. 990)
- September 25 (killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge):
- Eystein Orre, Norwegian nobleman
- Harald III (Harald Hardrada), king of Norway
- Tostig Godwinson, earl of Northumbria
- September 25 – Maria Haraldsdotter, Norwegian princess
- October 14 (killed at the Battle of Hastings):
- Harold II (Harold Godwinson), king of England
- Leofwine Godwinson, brother of Harold II
- Gyrth Godwinson, brother of Harold II
- Taillefer, Norman minstrel
- November 10 – John Scotus, bishop of Mecklenburg
- Sacrificed to Radegast, the god of hospitality.
- November 14 – Fujiwara no Akihira, Japanese nobleman
- December 11 – Conan II, duke of Brittany
- December 30 – Yusuf ibn Naghrela, Jewish vizier
- Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani, Moorish philosopher
- Ali al-Sulayhi, sultan of Yemen and Tihamah (b. 966)
- Conrad of Pfullingen, archbishop of Trier
- Herluin de Conteville, Norman nobleman (b. 1001)
- Kraft of Meissen (or Crafto), German bishop
- Reiner of Meissen (or Rainer), German bishop
- Śrīpati, Indian astronomer and mathematician (b. 1019)
- Theobald of Provins, French hermit (b. 1033)
- Udayadityavarman II, Cambodian ruler[172]
- Yahya of Antioch, Byzantine historian[173]
1067
- January 25 – Ying Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 1032)
- February 13 – Geoffrey II, French nobleman
- April 17 – Robert de Turlande, French priest
- May 22 – Constantine X, Byzantine emperor (b. 1006)
- July 12 – John Komnenos, Byzantine general
- September 1 – Baldwin V, count of Flanders
- November 27 – Sancha of León, queen of León
- December 2 – Shaykh Tusi, Persian Shia scholar (b. 995)
- Aedh Ua Con Ceanainn, king of Uí Díarmata
- Bahmanyār, Persian philosopher and logician
- Cai Xiang, Chinese calligrapher and poet (b. 1012)
- Elisaveta Yaroslavna of Kiev, Norwegian queen
- Eric and Eric, Swedish throne pretenders
- Gervais de Château-du-Loir, French nobleman (b. 1007)
- Muireadhach Ua Cárthaigh, Irish chief poet
- Richard, French nobleman (House of Normandy)
- Wulfwig (or Wulfinus), bishop of Dorchester
1068
- January 11 – Egbert I, margrave of Meissen
- May 22 – Go-Reizei, emperor of Japan (b. 1025)
- November 10 – Agnes of Burgundy, duchess of Aquitaine
- Abulchares, Byzantine general and catepan
- Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi, Persian physician
- Argyrus, Lombard nobleman and general
- Böritigin, ruler of Transoxiana (Kara-Khanid Khanate)
- Choe Chung, Korean Confucian scholar (b. 984)
- Eadnoth the Constable, English landowner
- Ralph the Staller, English nobleman
- William IV (or Guillem), French nobleman
- William of Montreuil, Italo-Norman duke
- Yi Zong, emperor of Western Xia (b. 1047)
- Vijayaditya VI, king of the Eastern Chalukyas (unconfirmed)
1069
- January 28 – Robert de Comines, English nobleman
- February 28 – Abbad II al-Mu'tadid, Abbadid king
- April 28 – Magnus II (Haraldsson), king of Norway
- August 15 – Ibn Hazm, Moorish historian (b. 994)
- September 11 – Ealdred, archbishop of York
- December 24 – Dedi II (the Younger), margrave of Lower Lusatia (b. c.997)
- Godfrey III (the Bearded), duke of Lower Lorraine
- Gytha Thorkelsdóttir, Danish noblewoman (b. 997)
- Pedro Seguin (or Seguini), bishop of Ourense
- Tilopa, Indian tantric practitioner (b. 988)
- Approximate date – Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn, Welsh king (b. c.1020)
References
[edit]- ^ Fößel, Amalie (2013). "The Political Traditions of Female Rulership in Medieval Europe". In Bennett, Judith M.; Karras, Ruth Mazo (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Women and Gender in Medieval Europe. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780199582174.
- ^ Jestice, Phyllis G. (2018). Imperial Ladies of the Ottonian Dynasty: Women and Rule in Tenth-Century Germany. Queenship and Power. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 220. ISBN 9783319773063.
- ^ Oksanen, Eljas (2012). "Appendix I: Timeline". Flanders and the Anglo-Norman World, 1066-1216. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 257. ISBN 9780521760997.
- ^ Blewitt, Octavian (1853). "Chapter 16: Chronological Tables". Handbook for Travellers in Southern Italy: Being a Guide for the Continental Portion of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Including the City of Naples and Its Suburbs, Pompeii, Herculaneum, Vesuvius, the Islands of the Bay of Naples, and That Portion of the Papal States, Which Lies Between the Contorni of Rome and the Neapolitan Frontier. London, Paris and Florence: John Murray. pp. lxxix.
- ^ Via, Anthony P. (2017). "Tancred of Hauteville, Son of". In Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Revivals. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 1069. ISBN 9781351664431.
- ^ Chronological Tables: Comprehending the Chronology and History of the World, from the Earliest Records to the Close of the Russian War. Vol. First Division: Ancient and Medieval History A.M. 1 to A.D. 1500. London and Glasgow: Richard Griffin. 1857. p. 189.
- ^ Richard Brzezinski (1998). History of Poland - The Piast Dynasty, p. 19. ISBN 83-7212-019-6.
- ^ Borovský, Jozef (2019). "Chapter 5: Cultus Imperium - Imperial Ungaria". Chrysalis: Metamorphosis of Odium. Victoria, Canada: FriesenPress. pp. 243–244. ISBN 9781525547690.
- ^ Oța, Silviu (2014). The Mortuary Archaeology of the Medieval Banat (10th-14th Centuries). Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 86. ISBN 9789004281578.
- ^ Ning, Chia (2016). "Dynastic histories". In Dillon, Michael (ed.). Encyclopedia of Chinese History. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 170. ISBN 9781317817161.
- ^ Wan, Lei (2017). "The Earliest Record on Sino-Arab Maritime Route in a Chinese Official Dynastic Book". The First Chinese Travel Record on the Arab World: Commercial and Diplomatic Communications during the Islamic Golden Age. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: مركز الملك فيصل للبحوث والدراسات الإسلامية (King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies). p. 25. ISBN 9786038206218.
- ^ Sung, Chia-fu (2016-11-29). "An Ambivalent Historian: Ouyang Xiu and His New Histories". T'oung Pao. 102 (4–5): 358–406. doi:10.1163/15685322-10245P03. ISSN 0082-5433.
- ^ Bianquis, Thierry (1989). Damas et la Syrie sous la domination fatimide (359-468/969-1076). Deuxième tome (in French). Presses de l’Ifpo. pp. 569–571. doi:10.4000/books.ifpo.6458. ISBN 978-2-35159-526-8.
- ^ Saint Anselm (Archbishop of Canterbury) (2008). "Introduction: Anselm's Life and Works". In Davies, Brian; G. R., Evans (eds.). Anselm of Canterbury: The Major Works. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. vii. ISBN 9780199540082.
- ^ Vaughn, Sally N. (1987). "Two: St. Anselm and Bec: Novice, Monk, Prior and Abbot, 1033 - 1092". Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan: The Innocence of the Dove and the Wisdom of the Serpent. Berkeley, CA, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780520056749.
- ^ Vaughn, Sally N. (2016). "Chapter 2. The Bec Background: A Missionary Mentality". Archbishop Anselm 1093–1109: Bec Missionary, Canterbury Primate, Patriarch of Another World. London and New York: Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 9781317179832.
- ^ John Julius Norwich, The Normans in the South 1016–1130 (London: Solitaire Books, 1981), pp. 146–47.
- ^ Mäesalu, Ain (2012). "Could Kedipiv in East-Slavonic Chronicles be Keava hill fort?" (PDF). Estonian Journal of Archaeology. 1: 199. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ Jonathan Riley-Smith (2004). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume IV – Part II (c. 1024–c. 1198), p. 54. ISBN 978-0-521-41411-1.
- ^ Gilbert Meynier (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; p. 55.
- ^ Weir, Alison (September 28, 2017). Queens of the Conquest: The extraordinary women who changed the course of English history 1066–1167. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4735-2331-9.
- ^ Fletcher, R. A. (1987). "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 5. 37: 31–47 [35]. JSTOR 3679149.
- ^ Gaufredo, Malaterra. "Chapter 33, The Battle of Cerami". De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Calabriae et Siciliae Comitis et Roberti Guiscardi Ducis fratris eius. Vol. 2.
- ^ Benvenuti, Gino (1985). Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia. Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. p. 13. ISBN 88-8289-529-7.
- ^ Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. p. 31. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
- ^ Izz al-Din ibn al'Athir, The Annals of the Saljuq Turks, transl. D.S. Richards, (Routledge, 2002), p. 151.
- ^ McGrank, Lawrence (1981). "Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55". Journal of Medieval History. 7 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1.
- ^ Baynes, T.S. (2008). Anni, Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 72.
- ^ David Nicolle (2013). Osprey: Manzikert 1071: The breaking of Byzantium, p. 20. ISBN 978-1-78096-503-1.
- ^ Anales de Tlatelolco, Rafael Tena INAH–CONACULTA 2004, p. 55.
- ^ "The consecration of Westminster Abbey | History Today". www.historytoday.com. Retrieved 2018-01-31.
- ^ Kimeswenger, Stefan; Thorstensen, John R.; Fesen, Robert A.; Drechsler, Marcel; Strottner, Xavier; Germiniani, Maicon; Steindl, Thomas; Przybilla, Norbert; Weil, Kathryn E.; Rupert, Justin (December 2021). "YY Hya and its interstellar environment". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 656: A145. arXiv:2110.03935. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039787.
- ^ D. R. Woolf (2011). The Oxford History of Historical Writing. Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780191636936.
- ^ al-Aadhamy, Hashim (1964). History of the Great Imam mosque and al-Adhamiyah mosques. Vol. 1. Baghdad: al-Ani Press. p. 28.
- ^ Stone, Gerald (2016). Slav Outposts in Central European History: The Wends, Sorbs and Kashubs. Bloomsbury. pp. 27–28.
- ^ Norman Roth (1994). Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict. Netherlands: E.J. Brill, p. 110. ISBN 90-04-09971-9.
- ^ Philibert Schmitz, "Theoduin", in Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 24 (Brussels, 1929), 757-758.
- ^ Nancy Marie Brown (6 October 2008). "The Far Traveler: Voyages of a Viking Woman". p. 95. ISBN 9780547539393. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
- ^ Benvenuti, Gino (1985). Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia. Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. p. 44. ISBN 88-8289-529-7.
- ^ "Coronations - Westminster Abbey". December 12, 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-12-12.
- ^ Christopher Gravett (1992). Osprey: Hastings: The Fall of Saxon England, p. 50–51. ISBN 1-85532-164-5.
- ^ "Tain Community Website - History & Heritage". www.tain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2016-06-08.
- ^ John Julius Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee – The Choice of Emperor, p. 343. ISBN 0-394-53779-3.
- ^ Brian Todd Carey (2012). Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071), p. 132. ISBN 978-184884-215-1.
- ^ Derek Keene; Alexander R. Rumble (1985). Survey of Medieval Winchester. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–2.
- ^ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, p. 24. Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876)
- ^ John Julius Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee – The Choice of Emperor, p. 344. ISBN 0-394-53779-3.
- ^ Brian Todd Carey (2012). Road to Manzikert – Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071), p. 133. ISBN 978-1-84884-215-1.
- ^ George Finlay (1854). History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057–1453, p. 34. William Blackwood & Sons.
- ^ Schmidt, Roderich (2009). Das historische Pommern. Personen, Orte, Ereignisse. Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Pommern. Böhlau. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-3-412-20436-5.
- ^ Finlay, George (1854). History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057–1453, p. 35. William Blackwood & Sons.
- ^ Carey, Brian Todd (2012). Road to Manzikert – Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071), p. 134. ISBN 978-1-84884-215-1.
- ^ a b c Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 52–53. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
- ^ "Norman Britain". British History Timeline. BBC. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
- ^ Nguyen The Anh (1989). "Le Nam tien dans les textes Vietnamiens". In Lafont, P. B. (ed.). Les frontieres du Vietnam. Paris: Edition l’Harmattan.
- ^ "The Popes and the Templars". Knights Templar. 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ^ John, Simon (2017). "Chapter 2: Godfrey's Career in the West, c. 1060 - 1095". Godfrey of Bouillon: Duke of Lower Lotharingia, Ruler of Latin Jerusalem, c.1060-1100. Rulers of the Latin East. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781317126300.
- ^ Browning, Charles Henry (1969) [1883]. "Pedigree XCVII". Americans of Royal Descent: Collection of Genealogies Showing the Lineal Descent from Kings of Some American Families ... (Seventh ed.). Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 425. ISBN 9780806300542.
- ^ Smith, Charles Edward (March 1948). "The Ancestry and Life of Godfrey of Bouillon by John C. Andressohn". Indiana Magazine of History. 44 (1).
- ^ Feiss, Hugh; O'Brien, Maureen M.; Pepin, Ronald (Nov 2014). The Lives of Monastic Reformers 2: Abbot Vitalis of Savigny, Abbot Godfrey of Savigny, Peter of Avranches, and Blessed Hamo. Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780879076931. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
- ^ Strunz, Gunnar (2014). Niederösterreich: Mit Wachau, Waldviertel, Weinviertel und Mostviertel (in German). Berlin: Trescher Verlag. p. 108. ISBN 9783897942936.
- ^ Nickel, Claudia (2007). Das Leben der Frau Ava: Hauptseminararbeit (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: GRIN Verlag. ISBN 9783638734936.
- ^ Butler, Alban (1798). "St. Aibert, Recluse". The Lives of the Primitive Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints Compiled from Original Monuments and Other Authentic Records. Vol. IV (Third ed.). Edinburgh, London and Newcastle: J. Moir. p. 76.
- ^ Sausseret, Paul (1854). "XXXV: Apparition a Saint Aibert, reclus". Apparitions et révélations de la Très Sainte Vierge depuis l'origine du Christianisme à nos jours (in French). Paris, France: Vivès. p. 162.
- ^ Petrella, Giancarlo (2004). L'officina del geografo: la "Descrittione di tutta Italia" di Leandro Alberti e gli studi geografico-antiquari tra Quattro e Cinquecento: con un saggio di edizione (Lombardia-Toscana) (in Italian). Milan, Italy: Vita e Pensiero. p. 434. ISBN 9788834311202.
- ^ Affò, Ireneo; Patrini, Giuseppe (1788). Vita di San Bernardo degli Uberti abate gen. di Vallombrosa cardinale di s. Chiesa e vescovo di Parma scritta dal padre Ireneo Affò minor osservante bibliotecario di sua altezza reale a professor onorario di storia nella r. università (in Italian). Parma, Italy: Presso Filippo Carmignani. pp. 100–101.
- ^ "Tracing Mobility", Women's Genealogies in the Medieval Literary Imagination, Cambridge University Press, pp. 89–124, 2024-03-21, doi:10.1017/9781009434720.005, ISBN 978-1-009-43472-0, retrieved 2024-10-27
- ^ Pritz, F. X. (1842). Kurzgefasste Lebensgeschichte des hl. Berthold, ersten Abtes des einstigen Benediktiner-Klosters Garsten in Lände ob der Enns, sammt frommen Betrachtungen zur, Jubelfeier am 27 Jul. 1842 (in German). Linz, Austria: Quir. Haslinger. p. 10.
- ^ Rana, Lalita (2013). "Evolution of modern geographical thinking and disciplinary trends in India" (PDF). The Association for Geographical Studies: 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
- ^ Handa, Nidhi (August 2018). "Journey of Indian Mathematics from Vedic Era" (PDF). International Journal for Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation. IX (1): 217–221. doi:10.31786/09756272.18.9.1.127 (inactive November 1, 2024). ISSN 0975-6272. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ "Clementia (Von Gleiberg) of Aquitaine b. 1060 d. 4 Jan 1141-1142: The Douglas Archives". www.douglashistory.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
- ^ Potter, Philip J. (2009). Gothic Kings of Britain: The Lives of 31 Medieval Rulers, 1016-1399. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland. p. 126. ISBN 9780786452484.
- ^ Bernard, Floris; Demoen, Kristoffel (2012). Poetry and its Contexts in Eleventh-century Byzantium. London and New York: Routledge. p. 92. ISBN 9781317079422.
- ^ Mayer, Joseph Maria (1869). Das Bayern-buch: Geschichtsbilder und sagen aus der vorzeit der Bayern, Franken und Schwaben (in German). Munich, Germany: Lindauer. pp. 231.
1060 Diemud.
- ^ "Diemoth - Encyclopedia Volume - Catholic Encyclopedia". Catholic Online. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
- ^ Krause, Herbert; Krause, Carolyn (2013). Our Cup Runneth Over: Our Story for Our Children and Their Children. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. p. 317. ISBN 9781481712941.
- ^ Mostow, Joshua S. (1996). "Poem 75". Pictures of the Heart: The Hyakunin Isshu in Word and Image. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. p. 363. ISBN 9780824817053.
- ^ Machotka, Ewa (2009). Visual Genesis of Japanese National Identity: Hokusai's Hyakunin Isshu. Brussels, Belgium: Peter Lang. p. 118. ISBN 9789052014821.
- ^ Lillehoj, Elizabeth (2004). Critical Perspectives on Classicism in Japanese Painting: 1600 - 1700. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. p. 144. ISBN 9780824826994.
- ^ Butler, Alban; Burns, Paul (1999). Butler's Lives of the Saints: April. Tunbridge Wells, England and Collegeville, MN: Burns & Oates. p. 67. ISBN 9780860122531.
- ^ Fagnant-MacArthur, Patrice (2013). The Catholic Baby Name Book. Notre Dame, IN: Ave Maria Press. p. 167. ISBN 9781594713828.
- ^ Cassan, Armand (1833). Statistique de l'arrondissement de Mantes, Seine-et-Oise (in French). Mantes, France: Chez Forcade. p. 237.
- ^ State, Paul F. (2015). Historical Dictionary of Brussels. Lanham, MD, Boulder, CO, New York, Toronto and Plymouth, England: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 183. ISBN 9780810879218.
- ^ Weis, Frederick Lewis; Sheppard, Walter Lee; Beall, William Ryland; Beall, Kaleen E. (2008) [1950]. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who Came to America Before 1700: Lineages from Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Other Historical Individuals (Eighth ed.). Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 149. ISBN 9780806317526.
- ^ Dillon, Charles Raymond (2002). Royals and Nobles: A Genealogist's Tool. New York, Lincoln and Shanghai: Writers Club Press. p. 352. ISBN 9780595259380.
- ^ "Heimatverein der Heinsberger Lande e.V." cms.hv-heinsberg.de. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
- ^ Stroll, Mary (1997). The Medieval Abbey of Farfa: Target of Papal and Imperial Ambitions. Leiden, New York, Cologne: BRILL. p. 165. ISBN 9789004247284.
- ^ Boynton, Susan (2006). Shaping a Monastic Identity: Liturgy & History at the Imperial Abbey of Farfa, 1000-1125. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780801443817.
- ^ Neuhofer, M. Dorothy (1999). In the Benedictine Tradition: The Origins and Early Development of Two College Libraries. Lanham, New York, Oxford: University Press of America. p. 16. ISBN 9780761814634.
- ^ Benson, Ann (2017). Troy House: A Tudor Estate Across Time. Cardiff, Wales: University of Wales Press. p. 15. ISBN 9781783169900.
- ^ "People: Hamelin de Barham; Hamelin de Ballon (Balun / Baeluns) - Monastic Wales - A Comprehensive Database of Sites and Sources". www.monasticwales.org. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
- ^ Anderson, James (1736). Royal Genealogies: Or, The Genealogical Tables Of Emperors, Kings and Princes, From Adam to These Times In Two Parts. James Bettenham.
- ^ "Huizong (Western Xia) 西夏惠宗 (Biographical details)". British Museum. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
- ^ Catalá, Montserrat Casanovas (2002). La memoria rescatada. Los materiales del Legado "Samuel Gili Gaya" como fuente historiográfica (in Spanish). Lleida, Spain: Universitat de Lleida. p. 94. ISBN 9788484095194.
- ^ Pere, Gil i Estalella; Catalans, Institut d'Estudis; Històrico-Arqueològica, Secció (2017). Història moral de Cathalunya : llibre segon de la Història cathalana (in Catalan). Barcelona, Spain: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. p. 185. ISBN 9788499651743.
- ^ Beraldo, Wanderley (2018). FamÍlia Beraldo (in Portuguese). Vol. II. Sao Paolo, Brazil: Clube de Autores. p. 847.
- ^ Tournai, Odo of; Resnick, Irven M. (2017) [1994]. "Introduction: Odo of Tournai. Tournai at the End of the Eleventh Century". On Original Sin and A Disputation with the Jew, Leo, Concerning the Advent of Christ, the Son of God: Two Theological Treatises. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 1. ISBN 9781512821642.
- ^ Novikoff, Alex J. (2013). The Medieval Culture of Disputation: Pedagogy, Practice, and Performance. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780812245387.
- ^ Ochs, Christoph (2013). Matthaeus Adversus Christianos: The Use of the Gospel of Matthew in Jewish Polemics Against the Divinity of Jesus. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck. p. 85. ISBN 9783161526152.
- ^ Novikoff, Alex J. (2013-10-31). The Medieval Culture of Disputation: Pedagogy, Practice, and Performance. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4538-7.
- ^ Davies, Norman (2012). Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and Fall of States and Nations. New York: Penguin. ISBN 9781101545348.
- ^ Grifoll, Isabel (2017-01-01). "The Culture (Ninth–Twelfth Centuries): Clerics and Troubadours". The Crown of Aragon: 125–149. doi:10.1163/9789004349612_006. ISBN 9789004349612.
- ^ Staunton, Michael (2017). The Historians of Angevin England. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 300. ISBN 9780198769965.
- ^ Dawson, Ian (1998). Treasure, Geoffrey (ed.). Who's who in British History. Vol. I: A-H. London and Chicago, IL: Taylor & Francis. pp. xxii. ISBN 9781884964909.
- ^ Mason, J. F. A. (2004). "Flambard, Ranulf (c. 1060–1128), administrator and bishop of Durham | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9667. Retrieved 2019-08-07. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ "Roger | duke of Apulia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
- ^ "Roger Borsa, Duke of Apulia and Calabria (Biographical details)". British Museum. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
- ^ History (2011-10-24). Roger Borsa. TypPRESS. ISBN 9786137807903.
- ^ Rodd, Laurel Rasplica, ed. (2015). Shinkokinshū: New Collection of Poems Ancient and Modern. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 110. ISBN 9789004288294.
- ^ Fujiwara, Sukefusa; Hérail, Francine (2001). Notes journalières de Fujiwara no Sukefusa, Traduction du Shunki. Hautes Etudes Orientales - Extrême Orient (in French). Vol. 37. Geneva, Switzerland: Librairie Droz. p. 597. ISBN 9782600008969.
- ^ Blair, Heather (2016-07-25). "Ladylike Religion: Ritual and Agency in the Life of an Eleventh-Century Japanese Noblewoman". History of Religions. 56 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1086/686745. ISSN 0018-2710. S2CID 163874345.
- ^ Barber, Malcolm (2010). Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th-13th Centuries. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-6356-0. Archived from the original on 2024-05-20.
- ^ Keynes, Simon (1997). "Giso, Bishop of Wells". In Harper-Bill, Christopher (ed.). Anglo-Norman Studies XIX: Proceedings of the Battle Conference, 1996. Woodbridge, England: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 221. ISBN 9780851157078.
- ^ Searle, William George (2012) [1897]. Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum: A List of Anglo-Saxon Proper Names from the Time of Beda to that of King John. Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 9781107608641.
- ^ Baker, Nigel; Holt, Richard (2004). Urban Growth and the Medieval Church: Gloucester and Worcester. Aldershot, England and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 22. ISBN 9780754602668.
- ^ Mielke, Christopher (2016). "Lifestyles of the Rich and (In?)Animate: Object Biography and the Reliquary Cross of Queen Adelaide of Hungary". In Rohr, Zita Eva; Benz, Lisa (eds.). Queenship, Gender, and Reputation in the Medieval and Early Modern West, 1060-1600. New York: Springer. pp. 5–6. ISBN 9783319312835.
- ^ Weinfurter, Stefan (1999). The Salian Century: Main Currents in an Age of Transition. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 185. ISBN 9780812235081.
- ^ Glenn, Justin (2015). The Washingtons: A Family History. Vol. 3: Royal Descents of the Presidential Branch. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Publishing. p. 113. ISBN 9781940669281.
- ^ Ingram, James (1823). The Saxon Chronicle: With an English Translation, and Notes, Critical and Explanatory. To Which Are Added Chronological, Topographical, and Glossarial Indices; a Short Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language, a New Map of England During the Heptarchy, Plates of Coins. London: Рипол Классик. p. 250.
- ^ Crabb, George (1825). Universal Historical Dictionary: Or, Explanation of the Names of Persons and Places in the Departments of Biblical, Political, and Ecclesiastical History, Mythology, Heraldry, Biography, Bibliography, Geography, and Numismatics. Illustrated by Portraits and Medallic Cuts. Vol. II. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy.
- ^ Huyghebaert, N.-N.; Huyghebaert, N.-M. (1969). "Origines et rapports des deux monastères brugeois de Saint-Barthélemy de l'Eeckhout et de Saint-Trond". Augustiniana. 19 (1/2): 257–290. ISSN 0004-8003. JSTOR 44992193.
En cet endroit un certain Everelme avait adopté la vie anachorétique en l'an 1048 et y avait persévéré douze ans; il y avait reçu la sépulture dans la petite chapelle, le 4 octobre de l'an 1060.
- ^ Grundmann, Herbert (December 1964). "Deutsche Eremiten, Einsiedler und Klausner im Hochmittelalter (10.-12. Jahrhundert)". Archiv für Kulturgeschichte. 45 (1): 60–90. doi:10.7788/akg-1964-4505. ISSN 0003-9233. S2CID 165337423.
Erst neuerdings wurde ein alter Grabstein wiederaufgefunden", dessen Inschrift besagt, daß ein anadiorita Everelmus zwölf Jahre lang auf einer Flußinsel bei Brügge lebte und dort 1060 starb.
- ^ Sire, Paul (2014). King Arthur's European Realm: New Evidence from Monmouth's Primary Sources. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 121. ISBN 9780786478019.
- ^ Weis, Frederick Lewis; Sheppard, Walter Lee; Beall, William Ryland; Beall, Kaleen E. (2008) [1950]. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who Came to America Before 1700: Lineages from Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Other Historical Individuals (Eighth ed.). Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 265. ISBN 9780806317526.
- ^ Knight, Gareth (2013). The Book of Melusine of Lusignan in History, Legend and Romance. Cheltenham, England: Skylight Press. p. 180. ISBN 9781908011671.
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2014). Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History. Vol. II: 500 - 1399 CE. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 685. ISBN 9781610690263.
- ^ Kahn, Andrew; Lipovet︠s︡kiĭ, Mark Naumovich; Reyfman, Irina; Sandler, Stephanie (2018). A History of Russian Literature. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780199663941.
- ^ Aigner, Petra (2014). "Poetry and Networking in High Medieval France (ca. 1100): Baudri de Bourgueil and His Scholarly Contacts". In Steckel, Sita; Gaul, Niels; Grünbart, Michael (eds.). Networks of Learning: Perspectives on Scholars in Byzantine East and Latin West, C. 1000-1200. Zurich and Berlin: LIT Verlag Münster. p. 36. ISBN 9783643904577.
- ^ Aird, William M. (2011). "Chapter 2: The Dutiful Son". Robert 'Curthose', Duke of Normandy (C. 1050-1134). Woodbridge, England and Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. p. 31. ISBN 9781843836605.
- ^ Turner, Ralph V. (1995). "The Problem of Survival for the Angevin "Empire": Henry II's and His Sons' Vision versus Late Twelfth-Century Realities". The American Historical Review. 100 (1): 78–96. doi:10.2307/2167984. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 2167984.
- ^ Loud, Graham A.; Schenk, Jochen (2017). The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100-1350: Essays by German Historians. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. pp. xix. ISBN 9781317022008.
- ^ Cohen, Adam S. (2000). The Uta Codex: Art, Philosophy, and Reform in Eleventh-Century Germany. University Park, PA: Penn State Press. p. 248. ISBN 9780271043708.
- ^ Wolfram, Herwig (2010). Conrad II, 990-1039: Emperor of Three Kingdoms. University Park, PA: Penn State Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780271048185.
- ^ Searle, William George (2012) [1897]. Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum: A List of Anglo-Saxon Proper Names from the Time of Beda to that of King John. Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 157. ISBN 9781107608641.
- ^ Everson, Paul; Stocker, David (2017). "Archaeology and Archiepiscopal Reform: Greater Churches in York Diocese in the 11th Century". In Hadley, Dawn M.; Dyer, Christopher (eds.). The Archaeology of the 11th Century: Continuities and Transformations. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 187. ISBN 9781315312927.
- ^ Atkins, Ivor (1940). "The Origin of the Later Part of the Saxon Chronicle Known as D". The English Historical Review. 55 (217): 8–26. doi:10.1093/ehr/LV.CCLXVII.8. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 554028.
- ^ Baumer, Christoph (2016). The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols. Vol. III. London and New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 316. ISBN 9781838609405.
- ^ Thomas, Joseph (2010). The Universal Dictionary of Biography and Mythology: A-clu. Cosimo Classics. Vol. I: A - CLU. New York: Cosimo, Inc. p. 28. ISBN 9781616400682.
- ^ Leviant, Curt (2008) [1969]. Masterpieces of Hebrew Literature: Selections from 2000 Years of Jewish Creativity. Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society. p. 241. ISBN 9780827609549.
- ^ Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (2010). Dictionary of Jewish Biography. London and New York: A&C Black. p. 7. ISBN 9781441197849.
- ^ Bonfil, Robert (2009). History and Folklore in a Medieval Jewish Chronicle: The Family Chronicle of Aḥimaʿaz ben Paltiel. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. pp. iv. ISBN 9789047427315.
- ^ Thomas, Joseph (2010). The Universal Dictionary of Biography and Mythology. Cosimo Classics. Vol. I: A - CLU. New York: Cosimo, Inc. p. 125. ISBN 9781616400699.
- ^ Bak, János M. (1998), "Roles and Functions of Queens in Árpádian and Angevin Hungary (1000–1386 A.D.)", in Parsons, John Carmi (ed.), Medieval Queenship, Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 13–24, doi:10.1007/978-1-137-08859-8_2, ISBN 9781137088598
- ^ Wise, Leonard F.; Hansen, Mark Hillary; Egan, E. W. (2005) [1967]. Kings, Rulers, and Statesmen. New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 151. ISBN 9781402725920.
- ^ Morgan, David (2014) [1988]. Medieval Persia 1040-1797. A History of the Middle East. London and New York: Routledge. p. 26. ISBN 9781317871408.
- ^ al-Mulk, Niẓām (2002). The Book of Government, Or, Rules for Kings: The Siyar Al-Muluk, Or, Siyasat-nama of Nizam Al-Mulk. Translated by Darke, Hubert. London and New York: Psychology Press. pp. x. ISBN 9780700712281.
- ^ Alikuzai, Hamid Wahed (2013). A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes. Vol. I. Victoria, Canada: Trafford Publishing. p. 172. ISBN 9781490714462.
- ^ Prakash, Col Ved (2007). Encyclopaedia of North-East India. Vol. 1. New Delhi, India: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 120. ISBN 9788126907038.
- ^ Howe, John (1997). Church Reform and Social Change in Eleventh-Century Italy: Dominic of Sora and His Patrons. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 71. ISBN 9780812234121.
- ^ Wixom, William D. (1997). "Byzantine Art and the Latin West". In Evans, Helen C.; Wixom, William D. (eds.). The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York. pp. 46. ISBN 9780870997778.
- ^ Smith, Katherine Allen (2011). War and the Making of Medieval Monastic Culture. Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press. pp. 190–191. ISBN 9781843836162.
- ^ Peterson, Gary Dean (2016). Vikings and Goths: A History of Ancient and Medieval Sweden. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 239. ISBN 9781476662183.
- ^ Peterson, Gary Dean (2007). Warrior Kings of Sweden: The Rise of an Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland. p. 8. ISBN 9781476604114.
- ^ Sjöberg, Anders (1982-01-01). "Pop Upir' Lichoj and the Swedish rune-carver Ofeigr Upir". Scando-Slavica. 28 (1): 109–124. doi:10.1080/00806768208600815. ISSN 0080-6765.
- ^ Labouvie, Eva (2016). Frauen in Sachsen-Anhalt: Ein biographisch-bibliographisches Lexikon vom Mittelalter bis zum 18. Jahrhundert (in German). Cologne, Weimar and Vienna: Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 368. ISBN 9783412501280.
- ^ Miller, Manfred (2019). Die Münzen und Medaillen von Anhalt-Aschersleben bis zum Herzogtum Anhalt (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: BoD – Books on Demand. p. 8. ISBN 9783735785787.
- ^ Wieczynski, Joseph L. (1994). The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History. Vol. 38. Academic International Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780875690643.
- ^ Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Vol. I. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 372. ISBN 9780195334036.
- ^ Böhm, Marcin (December 2018). "The Military Policy of Isaac Komnenos at the time of battle of Petroe (1057)". Open Political Science. 1 (1): 136–142. doi:10.1515/openps-2018-0011.
- ^ Jinsheng, Zheng; Kirk, Nalini; Buell, Paul D.; Unschuld, Paul U. (2018). Dictionary of the Ben Cao Gang Mu. Vol. 3: Persons and Literary Sources. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. p. 326. ISBN 9780520291973.
- ^ Tzu, Sun (2005). The Art of War: Complete Texts and Commentaries. Boston and London: Shambhala Publications. p. 34. ISBN 9780834827301.
- ^ Wei, Shang (1994). "Prisoner and Creator: The Self-Image of the Poet in Han Yu and Meng Jiao". Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews. 16: 19–40. doi:10.2307/495305. ISSN 0161-9705. JSTOR 495305.
- ^ Orton, C. W. Previte (2013) [1912]. The Early History of the House of Savoy: 1000-1233. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 212. ISBN 9781107650428.
- ^ Nash, Penelope (2017). Empress Adelheid and Countess Matilda: Medieval Female Rulership and the Foundations of European Society. Queenship and Power. London and New York: Springer. p. 46. ISBN 9781137585141.
- ^ Creber, Alison (2019-04-22). "Breaking Up Is Hard To Do: Dissolving Royal and Noble Marriages in Eleventh-Century Germany". German History. 37 (2): 149–171. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghy108. ISSN 0266-3554.
- ^ Graham-Leigh, Elaine (2005). The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade. Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press. p. 98. ISBN 9781843831297.
- ^ Palgrave, Sir Francis (1919). Palgrave, Sir Inglis (ed.). The History of Normandy and of England: The Collected Historical Writings of Sir Francis Palgrave, K. H. Vol. II. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 543.
- ^ Weis, Frederick Lewis; Sheppard, Walter Lee; Beall, William Ryland; Beall, Kaleen E. (2008) [1950]. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who Came to America Before 1700: Lineages from Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Other Historical Individuals (Eighth ed.). Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 175. ISBN 9780806317526.
- ^ Vitalis, Ordericus (1969). The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis. Vol. II. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. p. 363. ISBN 9780198222040.
- ^ Thompson, Kathleen (1985-01-01). "Family and influence to the south of Normandy in the eleventh century: the lordship of Bellême". Journal of Medieval History. 11 (3): 215–226. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(85)90025-9. ISSN 0304-4181.
- ^ "Edward the Confessor and Edith". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- ^ Vladimir Braginskii (2014). Classical Civilisations of South East Asia: An Anthology of Articles Published in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Taylor & Francis. p. 598. ISBN 9781136848797.
- ^ Vasilka Tăpkova-Zaimova (2018). Bulgarians by Birth: The Comitopuls, Emperor Samuel and Their Successors According to Historical Sources and the Historiographic Tradition. Brill. p. 167. ISBN 9789004352995.