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Southern Ontario

Coordinates: 44°00′N 80°00′W / 44.000°N 80.000°W / 44.000; -80.000
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Southern Ontario
Primary region
Southern Ontario
██ Core area ██ Extended area

██ Core area ██ Extended area
Coordinates: 44°00′N 80°00′W / 44.000°N 80.000°W / 44.000; -80.000
Country Canada
Province Ontario
Area
 • Total
114,217 km2 (44,099 sq mi)
 • Core area101,264 km2 (39,098 sq mi)
 • Extended area12,953 km2 (5,001 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)
 • Total
13,481,332
 • Density118.0/km2 (306/sq mi)
 • Core area
13,367,749
 • Extended area
113,583
DemonymSouthern Ontarian
Time zoneUTC−5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Postal code prefixes
K, L, M, N
Area code(s)226, 249, 289, 343, 365, 416, 437, 519, 548, 613, 647, 705, 905

Southern Ontario is a primary region of the Canadian province of Ontario. It is the most densely populated and southernmost region in Canada, with approximately 13.5 million people, approximately 36% of Canada's population of 37 million.[1] The region lies south of the province's other primary region, Northern Ontario, although the exact northern boundary of Southern Ontario is disputed. However, its core region is situated south of Algonquin Park, the latter being in an area of transition between coniferous forest north of the French and Mattawa Rivers and southern deciduous forest. It covers between 14 and 15% of the province, depending on the inclusion of the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts which also lie in the transitional area between northern and southern forest regions. Southern Ontario differs greatly from Northern Ontario, having a much higher population density, a different climate, and a different culture than its northern counterpart. It is broken into smaller subregions, including Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, the Golden Horseshoe, and Southwestern Ontario.

The core area of Southern Ontario is part of the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, which extends northeast into southern Quebec. The transitional northern area of this primary region extends north to the Mattawa River and occupies part of the Grenville Geological Province of the Canadian Shield, which also extends northeast into southern Quebec; most of Northern Ontario lies within the Superior Geological Province.

Identity

[edit]

Southern Ontario can be distinguished from Northern Ontario because it is far more densely populated and contains most of the province's cities, major roads, and institutions. Northern Ontario, in contrast, contains more natural resources and remote wilderness. Although it has no saltwater coastline, the region has an abundance of freshwater coastlines on three Great Lakes (Huron, Erie and Ontario), as well as smaller lakes such as Lake Simcoe and Lake St. Clair. It is a major vineyard region and producer of Canadian wines.[2]

While Southern Ontario has been a part of the province of Ontario since its establishment at Confederation in 1867, previously forming the colony of Upper Canada, a large portion of Northern Ontario did not become part of Ontario until 1912.

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Ontario
Underground Railroad monument, Windsor

The French explored and colonized Territorial Southern Ontario in the 17th century and forged relations with the Wyandot Huron people, based around the Georgian Bay/Lake Simcoe area. Other Iroquoian speaking people to the south were the Petun and Neutral Nation, and further northeast, Algonquins inhabited the upper Ottawa River/Madawaska Valley areas and the Mississaugas moved south from northern Lake Huron, settling lands in both the Kawartha region and just west of Toronto.

Following the Seven Years' War, the British wrested control of Southern Ontario, and more significant colonization efforts were spurred on by the arrival of United Empire Loyalists brought on by the American Revolution.

Southern Ontario was where a large portion of the battles took place during the War of 1812,[3] and was a major destination for escaping slaves using the Underground Railroad.[4]

Following the enactment of Prohibition in the United States in 1919, Southern Ontario immediately became a hotbed of smuggling alcohol (spirit) across the border.

Demographics

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Southern Ontario is home to over 94%, or 12.1 million, of Ontario's total population of 12.9 million (and about 35% of Canada's total population), compared to approximately 750,000 in Northern Ontario. This is due to many factors, including the more arable land in the south, its more moderate climate, well-used transportation (water, land, and air) routes, as well as a long history of early European settlers and colonialism.

For thousands of years, Ontario has been home to indigenous aboriginal communities, with numerous nations with differing languages at the time of European contact. Over 200,000 aboriginal Canadians live in Southern Ontario today.

Southern Ontario was colonized by the French and the British. After the area began to be developed for European settlement, especially after the American Revolutionary War, other European immigrants arrived as well, with increased immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Since the late 20th century, many immigrants have come from Asia and other parts of the world. The region is one of the top destinations for immigrants worldwide,[5] particularly the Greater Toronto Area.

Toronto skyline in 2005

Economy

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The area has a large manufacturing sector. Since the mid-2000s, Ontario has produced more vehicles per year than the state of Michigan.[6] In a cross-border definition, a swath of Southern Ontario could be considered a part of the Rust Belt.[7] Factory closings because of industry restructuring and globalization (corresponding movement of jobs overseas and to non-unionized labour markets in the United States) have for the past few decades taken their toll. This is most evident in the region's southern tier cities, which have large automobile or associated industrial bases, such as Windsor, London, St. Thomas and St. Catharines. Still affected by these factors, but to a lesser extent, is Hamilton, the centre of steel production, and Sarnia, the centre of petrochemical production. The province's two largest cities, Toronto and Ottawa, have moved increasingly to a service and knowledge economy. Toronto is home to the country's financial sector, including the major Canadian banks and Toronto Stock Exchange. Ottawa, the national capital, is home to the Government of Canada and most government departments and agencies, in addition to having a strong technology sector.[8][9]

Some parts of Southern Ontario are heavily entwined with bordering cities in New York and Michigan in terms of industry and people. The focus areas are the Buffalo–Niagara, Sarnia and Detroit–Windsor. Many people work and live on opposite sides of the border. The NEXUS program for frequent travelers across the border[10] is increasing in popularity among bordering communities. Other areas with heavy trade traffic with Southern Ontario include Montreal and the province of Quebec, parts of northern Ohio, and western Pennsylvania.

Most of the province's agriculture is found here. That includes most of Ontario's berry growers, who are represented by Ontario Berries.[11]

Tourism

[edit]

Southern Ontario is well known for its attractions and tourism. Some popular tourist attractions include the CN Tower, Parliament Hill, Niagara Falls, National Gallery of Canada, Canada's Wonderland, CNE, Caesars Windsor, Canadian War Museum, Toronto Zoo, Hockey Hall of Fame, Ripley's Aquarium of Canada, Royal Canadian Mint, Marineland, The Rideau Canal, the Canadian Museum of History and the Royal Ontario Museum.

Niagara Falls is the 6th most visited attraction by domestic and international tourists worldwide, with over 14 million tourists annually. In 2006, Toronto was the 14th most visited city by international tourists in the world, with over 4.1 million visitors in the year.[12] Ottawa is the most visited city in Canada by domestic tourists, hosting over 6.9 million Canadian visitors per year.[13]

Southern Ontario is home to several professional sports teams, including the Ottawa Senators and Toronto Maple Leafs in the NHL; the Toronto Blue Jays in Major League Baseball; the NBA's Toronto Raptors; soccer's Toronto FC in MLS and Atlético Ottawa in the Canadian Premier League; and three teams in the Canadian Football League—the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Ottawa Redblacks, and Toronto Argonauts. The region also hosts the Canadian Open in golf and Rogers Cup in tennis.[a]

Niagara Falls in 2009

The area sponsors many internationally renowned festivals and events, including Toronto International Film Festival, Winterlude, Caribana, Bluesfest, Pride Week, Kitchener Oktoberfest, Havelock Jamboree, Toronto Indy, Sarnia Bayfest, Canada Day in Ottawa, International Freedom Festival in Windsor, Stratford Festival, Shaw Festival and Virgin Festival.

Several large legal gambling establishments have been built throughout the Province,[14] with Caesars Windsor and Fallsview Casino being the two flagship casinos.[15][16] In addition to casinos, Ontario has many legal horseracing facilities with slot machines. Racetrack slots are located throughout the Province. All gaming in the Province is overseen by the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation (OLG), and the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario.[17]

Southern Ontario has many natural attractions. Wasaga Beach, Grand Bend, Sauble Beach, and Sandbanks are beaches along the Great Lakes. The Niagara Escarpment offers hiking, skiing, and hundreds of waterfalls, including Niagara Falls. The Ottawa River has white-water rafting which attracts rafters and kayakers from all over the world. Ontario Parks governs all provincial parks, and Parks Canada governs all national parks.

Cities

[edit]

Southern Ontario is home to both Canada's capital city (Ottawa), and Canada's largest city (Toronto).

Southern Ontario communities have 13 telephone area codes: 226, 249, 289, 343, 365, 382, 416, 437, 519, 548, 613, 647, 705, and 905.

Statistics Canada's measure of a "metro area", the Census Metropolitan Area (CMA),[18][19] roughly bundles together population figures from the core municipality with those from "commuter" municipalities.[20] Note: A city's metropolitan area may actually be larger than its CMA. For example; Oshawa is part of the Greater Toronto Area; however, it is considered its own CMA.

See also: Golden Horseshoe, Detroit–Windsor, and National Capital Region (Canada)
Ottawa in 2005
Southern Ontario Cities † 2021 2016 2011 2006 2001
Toronto CMA 6,202,225 5,928,040 5,583,064 5,113,149 4,682,897
Ottawa CMA 1,488,307 1,323,783 1,236,324 1,130,761 1,067,800
Hamilton CMA 785,184 747,545 721,053 692,911 662,401
Kitchener–Cambridge–Waterloo CMA 575,847 523,894 477,160 451,235 414,284
London CMA 543,551 494,069 474,786 457,720 435,600
St. Catharines–Niagara CMA 433,604 406,074 392,184 390,317 377,009
Windsor CMA 422,630 398,718 319,246 323,342 307,877
Oshawa CMA 415,311 379,848 356,177 330,594 296,298
Barrie CMA 212,856 197,059 187,013 177,061 148,480
Kingston CMA 172,546 161,175 159,561 152,358 146,838
Guelph CMA 165,588 151,984 141,097 127,009 117,344
Brantford CMA 144,162 134,203 135,501 124,607 118,086
Peterborough CMA 128,624 121,721 118,975 116,570 110,876

Census divisions

[edit]

The region is broken up into 40 census divisions, including 22 counties, eight regional municipalities, nine single-tier municipalities and depending on its inclusion, one district. The line between the counties and regions of the south and the districts of the north can be considered a boundary between Southern and Northern Ontario.

This is disputed, however, as the demarcation line that is referenced in provincial documents is the Nipissing Passageway, originally an Indian trail between Georgian Bay and the Ottawa River. The trail follows the French River from Georgian Bay to Lake Nipissing. At North Bay, 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of land separates Lake Nipissing from Trout Lake. From Trout Lake, the trail follows the Mattawa River to the Ottawa River.[21][22]


1 Muskoka and Parry Sound are commonly regarded as transitional regions between Southern and Northern Ontario. Both divisions may be regarded as northern districts geographically, culturally, and politically in some contexts.

The 2011 census revealed that the major urban divisions of York, Halton, Peel, and Ottawa had the largest growth. While the heavy industrial divisions of Chatham, Lambton, and Essex,[23] as well as the mostly recreational divisions of Huron[24] and Prince Edward had a decrease in population.

Higher education

[edit]

Southern Ontario has long been an international destination for higher learning. It houses numerous internationally acclaimed public universities and colleges amongst its 13 universities and 20 colleges. It is also home to numerous private post-secondary institutions.

Culture

[edit]

Many notable Canadians have been based in Southern Ontario, as it is Canada's most populated area. Toronto is notable for its multiculturalism and cosmopolitan nature:[25] Southern Ontario also features in the literary genre of Southern Ontario Gothic, a major strand in Canadian literature.

Transportation

[edit]
Highway 401 at the Don Valley Parkway in Toronto
Kichi Zibi Mikan interchange in Ottawa

Southern Ontario has a highly developed transport system, including many highways, airports, ports, trains, and buses. The freeway system in Southern Ontario is referred to as the King's highways system, or the 400 series highways. The freeways are digitally monitored by the Ministry of Transportation (Ontario) using the COMPASS-Freeway Traffic Management System[26] With the long-awaited upgrade of Highway 406, all the freeways in Ontario are at least 4 lanes wide, fully controlled with interchanges and divided. The major freeways are 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407 (Toll), 409, 410, 412, 416, 417, 418, 420, 427, Don Valley Parkway, Gardiner Expressway, Queen Elizabeth Way, Queensway, Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway, Red Hill Valley Parkway, Conestoga Parkway, and the E. C. Row Expressway.

Southern Ontario also has several border crossings with the United States. The Ambassador Bridge, Detroit–Windsor Tunnel, and Blue Water Bridge connect the region with the U.S. state of Michigan, while the Peace Bridge, Rainbow Bridge, Whirlpool Rapids Bridge, Lewiston–Queenston Bridge, Thousand Islands Bridge, Ogdensburg–Prescott International Bridge, and Seaway International Bridge link Southern Ontario with the U.S. state of New York.

The region has a long history of marine transportation, with hundreds of millions of tonnes of cargo moving along the Great Lakes, and Saint Lawrence Seaway each year. The Welland Canal is a vital part of the Great Lakes Waterway, allowing ships to avoid Niagara Falls. The St. Clair River and Detroit River are also well travelled rivers between Lake Huron and Lake Erie in the Windsor, Sarnia area. Major regional ports include the Port of Hamilton and Port of Windsor, with smaller ports in Oshawa, Toronto, Goderich and Sarnia. Southern Ontario also has thousands of other freshwater lakes and rivers, as well as the Trent-Severn Waterway and Rideau Canal.

Inter-city train service in the region is provided mainly by Via Rail.[27] The Greater Toronto area also has a commuter train system called the GO Train, which is supplemented by a network of bus services.[28]

There are several major international airports, including the busiest airport in the country, Toronto Pearson International Airport (ranked 15th busiest worldwide by flights in 2014), Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport, John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport, London International Airport, and Region of Waterloo International Airport. Many Southern Ontarians living close to the Michigan or New York State borders use either Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport or Buffalo Niagara International Airport as their local airport.

Climate

[edit]
Typical Great Lakes beach

Southern Ontario has a humid continental climate with four distinct seasons.[29] The average highs in July for the region range between 25 and 29 °C (77 and 84 °F). The average high in January ranges from −6 to 0 °C (21 to 32 °F). The highest recorded temperature in Southern Ontario was 45 and 52 °C (113 and 126 °F) with the humidex. During cold snaps, winter temperatures can occasionally drop below −30 °C (−22 °F). The climate found over most of southern Ontario falls within the Dfb and Dfa climate subtypes, much warmer or milder than the northern part of the province due to lower latitude, presence of bodies of water, and intense urbanization.[30]

Harsh weather is not uncommon in the region. In the summer months, Southern Ontario is susceptible to tornadoes[31] but far more often, straight line wind damage, hail and localized flooding from severe thunderstorms. Although the majority of tornadoes rarely cause excessive damage, the region is on the periphery of Tornado Alley and (F4) tornadoes touchdown every few decades, causing widespread damage. Southern Ontario also gets hurricane remnants, floods, ice storms, heavy fog, hail, and blizzards.

Small earthquakes occur in the region. The Mw  5.8 Cornwall–Massena earthquake occurred in 1944 and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong).

Many tourists visit the area in the autumn months to look at the bright, vibrant colours of fall foliage.

Southern Ontario has a very different climate from the rest of the country. It is the only area of Canada that has Carolinian forest.[32] Many trees, plants, and wildlife in Southern Ontario are not found anywhere else in Canada. Some rare trees in this region include the tulip tree, pawpaw fruit tree, and the cucumber tree. The Carolinian forests of Southern Ontario have in large part been destroyed by development sprawl. Very few original growth areas remain.

The region has the most freshwater beaches in the nation. With relatively warm waters by mid-summer due to the hot and humid summer months with significant coastlines of white sand, the major beaches in the region are visited by millions of tourists every summer. The most popular beaches are Wasaga Beach, Grand Bend, Sauble Beach, and Sandbanks.

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ "Rogers Cup" is the current sponsored name. The men's version, held in Toronto in even-numbered years, is generically known as the Canada Masters, and the women's version, held in Toronto in odd-numbered years, is generically known as the Canadian Open.

References

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  1. ^ Statistics Canada (January 15, 2001). "Census of Population". Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  2. ^ "Canada's Wine Regions".
  3. ^ "Battles". The War of 1812 Website. The Discriminating General. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
  4. ^ "Showing Gratitude during Black History Month". Ontario Black History Society. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
  5. ^ "Census 2001 Highlights: Factsheet 5: Immigration to Ontario".
  6. ^ "Ontario auto industry outpaced Michigan last year". Investment Executive. February 1, 2005. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
  7. ^ Craig S. Campbell, "Rust Belt," in The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia, eds. Richard Sisson, Christian Zacher, and Andrew Cayton, Indiana University Press, 2007, p. 78.
  8. ^ "Ottawa's economy expected to weather pandemic better than other Canadian cities | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved 2021-01-28.
  9. ^ Dept, Finance (2019-08-07). "Economy and demographics". ottawa.ca. Retrieved 2021-01-28.
  10. ^ Canada Border Services Agency. "NEXUS".[permanent dead link‍]
  11. ^ "Berry Growers Ontario". Ontario Berries. Retrieved 2022-08-16.
  12. ^ Caroline Bremner (October 2007). "Top 150 City Destinations: London Leads the Way". Euromonitor International. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
  13. ^ "Cashing in: The economic impact of an Ottawa casino". August 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-10-13. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
  14. ^ "Slots and Casinos". Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation. Archived from the original on 2011-07-04. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
  15. ^ "Caesars Windsor". Caesars License Company, LLC. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
  16. ^ "Fallsview Casino Resort Home". Fallsview Casino Resort. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
  17. ^ "Welcome to the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario". Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  18. ^ "Geographic Units: Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) and Census Agglomeration (CA)". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  19. ^ "Population and population growth rate of census metropolitan areas in Canada, 2011 to 2016 and 2016 to 2021, ranked by percentage of growth in 2021". 9 February 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  20. ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations, 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data". Statistics Canada. 2008-11-05. Archived from the original on 2009-05-04. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
  21. ^ Peake, Michael. "French River: Canoeing the River of the Stick-Waivers". All About Canoes. Canoe.ca. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  22. ^ Woodrow, Maureen. "Challenges to Sustainability in Northern Ontario". Environmental Commissioner of Ontario. Archived from the original on 2009-10-03.
  23. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2012-02-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-27. Retrieved 2012-02-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. ^ "Toronto: 'most multicultural city in the world'". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
  26. ^ "Welcome to the Traveller's Road Information Portal (TRIP)". Ontario Ministry of Transportation. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  27. ^ "Trains by Region". viarail.ca. Via Rail Canada Inc. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
  28. ^ "GO Transit". GO Transit. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
  29. ^ "Ontario Climate". Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. April 7, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
  30. ^ "Interactive Canada Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map". www.plantmaps.com. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
  31. ^ "Weather and Meteorology: Hazardous Weather; Summer Weather; Summer Hazards". Environment Canada. Aug 4, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
  32. ^ "What is a Carolinian Forest?". Carolinian Canada. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
  • Chapman, L. J. and Putnam, D. F. The Physiography of Southern Ontario. 3rd ed. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 1984. (Ontario Geological Survey. Special volume 2) ISBN 0-7743-9422-6.
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